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How common is anal cancer?
Among some groups, e.g., people with HIV, HIV-negative gay and bisexual men and transgender women, and solid organ transplants, anal cancer is a common cancer. According to estimates from the American Cancer Society, there will be over 11,000 new cases and about 1700 deaths attributed to anal cancer in the U.S. in 2026. The rate of new cases is increasing yearly. When caught early, anal cancer usually responds very well to treatment.
Why should I get screened for anal cancer?
Screening for anal cancer is designed to detect changes to the area around the anus and the anal canal that may lead to cancer. Getting regular screenings as recommended by your healthcare provider increases the chance that any precancerous changes that develop are caught and treated early.
What causes anal cancer?
Most anal cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), which is sexually transmitted. Certain types of HPV are more likely to cause cancer.
What is the difference between anal cancer and colorectal cancer?
Anal cancers are mostly caused by HPV and occur in the anal canal, the part of the body that starts at the opening of the anus and goes into the body for about 1-3 inches. They also occur on the skin outside of the anal opening. Colorectal cancer affects the large intestine and is not caused by HPV. The risk of colorectal cancer increases with certain genetic syndromes, inflammatory bowel diseases, and history of precancerous polyps.
What screening is recommended for anal cancer?
U.S. and international medical societies recommend an anal Pap test which involves swabbing the anal canal to collect cells. A specialist will look at the cells under a microscope to determine if there are any changes that could lead to cancer.
Who should get screened?
For gay and bisexual men and transgender women living with HIV, screening is recommended starting at age 35. For gay and bisexual men and trans women without HIV, and for other individuals with HIV, screening is recommended starting at age 45. Solid organ transplant recipients should get screened beginning from 10 years post-transplant. People with prior vulvar cancer or precancer are also recommended to get screening.
